
ching the effects, it was discovered that amphetamines could awaken dogs that were under anesthesia. This discovery led to the use of amphetamines, in pill form, to treat narcolepsy (Feldman et al., 1997). Amphetamines were also rumored to have been used in Japan, Britain, Germany, and the U.S. during World War II (Brecher 1972; Lovett, 1994; Feldman et al., 1997). U.S. and Japanese army personnel are said to have used amphetamines to stay awake and alert while assigned to especially long periods on duty (Feldman et al., 1997). Because of the use of amphetamines by Japanese soldiers, Japan “suffered a serious methamphetamine problem during early postwar years” (Suwaki, 1991). Amphetamine use became so common that college students in the 1950s and 1960s used amphetamines to stay awake all night to study for exams. Long-haul truckers named their routes after how much amphetamine was needed to make the trip. To get halfway across the U.S., truckers used “St. Louie,” and for a transcontinental truck run, “West Coast turnabouts” were used (Feldman et al., 1997). In the 1960s, California users of amphetamine began using speedballs, which are a combination of amphetamine and heroin taken intravenously. Physicians of the Haight-Ashbury Free Clinic in San Francisco tried to warn the public of the dangers of amphetamines by coining the term “speed kills.” Dr. D. Smith of the Haight-Ashbury Free Clinic said: In the 1970s the Haight-Ashbury area, of San Francisco, turned into one of the most violent areas of the city. It was a direct result of the amphetamine epidemic. In addition, we saw a great deal of amphetamine psychosis, © 2003 by CRC Press LLC from high doses of amphetamine producing paranoia, auditory, and visual hallucinations. We started getting a feel that the medical and the psychiatric system did not know how to handle drug epidemics. For example, I was also running the alcohol and drug abuse-screening unit at San Francisco General Hospital where with the diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia you treat with long-term psychotropic medication. With amphetamine psychosis you detoxify them and use a short-term course of psychotropic medication and get them into recove The technology of ancient wine making (open fermentation in crocks or vats) would only produce a six-percent alcohol content. This would be quickly reduced to acetic acid (vinegar). Ancient wine was produced exactly the same as modern vinegar. So, a stable vinegar solution was probably the basis of ancient wine. Vinegar is, however, not intoxicating. One explanation is that vinegar was used as a vehicle for carrying other drugs. Dried drug plants such as poppy (opium), datura, henbane, etc. being extracted with the vinegar. (With the possible exception of opium and ephedra, none of these other plants would really be pleasant in their effects.) Vinegar would then preserve these drugs in solution. This would allow bottling, transport and u
Step 8: Now the culture jars need to be sterilized. Place the jars in a large kitchen pot and add water so that water comes half way up the side of the jars. Bring the water to a slow boil and place the lid on the pot. From the time the water starts to boil, the jars need 1 hour to be (4 of 29) 5/1/2002 6:54:17 PM] How To Grow Magic Mushrooms The Magic Mushroom Growers Guide (page 2) sterilized. Water should not be bubbling and splashing all over the place. The jars should not be floating around in the water.
The substrate in the culture jars has the right amount of water in it already. You do not want water leaking into the jars and changing the ratio. The jars should not sit flat on the bottom of the pan. Too much heat can transfer directly to the jars and cause a loss of moisture.
You can place a wash cloth inside the pan and set the jars directly on the wash cloth to help prevent too much heat from transferring to the jars. Step 9: Let the jars cool slowly.
Leave them covered in the pan that was used to sterilize them. Let them cool completely. The jars need to be at or close to room temperature in order to inoculate. The spores will be killed if the jars are not cool enough when they are inoculated. It will take several hours to cool sufficiently. You may hear sounds as the jars cool. This is normal. Step 10: Now comes the good part. Inoculation of the culture jars. Assuming you have a viable, sterile spore syringe, you are now in a position to inoculate the cultures and start the first phase of the growing cycle. The needle of the spore syringe must be sterile. If your fingers or anything other than the lid or contents of the culture jars comes in contact with it, assume it is no longer sterile. If there is any doubt about its condition, use a cigarette lighter to heat the entire needle. Heat it until it glows red. Let it cool for a few minutes and squirt some of the solution out of the syringe. Shake the syringe.
Make sure the spores are mixed well within the syringe. This can be accomplished more easily if you pull the plunger back on the syringe to get a little air into the syringe.
Remove the tin foil from each culture jar as you prepare to inoculate it. Insert the needle of the syringe as far as it will go into a hole in the lid of the culture jar and get the needle to press against the glass. Examine the next figure for a simple diagram of how things should look. Inject 1/4 cc of solution at a site under each hole in the lid. Adaptation-4 A total of 1 cc of solution for each jar. Adaptation-5 (5 of 29) 5/1/2002 6:54:17 PM] How To Grow Magic Mushrooms The ps from going in the four holes in the lid while the jar is being sterilized. If you poked your holes in the lid such that the sharp edges are pointing up, be careful not to rip or puncture the tin foil. If you need to, you can add a second or even a third piece of tin foil to make sure water will not drip into the holes in the lid. Step 8: Now the culture jars need to be sterilized. Place the jars in a large kitchen pot and add water so that water comes half way up the side of the jars. Bring the water to a slow boil and place the lid on the pot. From the time the water starts to boil, the jars need 1 hour to be (4 of 29) 5/1/2002 6:54:17 PM] How To Grow Magic Mushrooms The Magic Mushroom Growers Guide (page 2) sterilized.
Water should not be bubbling and splashing all over the place. The jars should not be floating around in the water. The substrate in the culture jars has the right amount of water in it already. You do not want water leaking into the jars and changing the ratio. The jars should not sit flat on the bottom of the pan. Too much heat can transfer directly to the jars and cause a loss of moisture. You can place a wash cloth inside the pan and set the jars directly on the wash cloth to help prevent too much heat from transferring to the jars. Step 9: Let the jars cool slowly.
Leave them covered in the pan that was used to sterilize them. Let them cool completely. The jars need to be at or close to room temperature in order to inoculate.
The spores will be killed if the jars are not cool enough when they are inoculated. It will take several hours to cool sufficiently.
You may hear sounds as the jars cool. This is normal. Step 10: Now comes the good part. Inoculation of the culture jars. Assuming you have a viable, sterile spore syringe, you are now in a position to inoculate the cultures and start the first phase of the growing cycle. The needle of the spore syringe must be sterile. If your fingers or anything other than the lid or contents of the culture jars comes in contact with it, assume it is no longer sterile. If Stackers there is any doubt about its condition, use a cigarette lighter to heat the entire needle.
Heat it until it glows red. Let it cool for a few minutes and squirt some of the solution out of the syringe.
Shake the syringe. Make sure the spores are mixed well within the syringe. This can be accomplished more easily if you pull the plunger back on the syringe to get a little air into the syringe. Remove the tin foil from each culture jar as you prepare to inoculate it. Insert the needle of the syringe as far as it will go into a hole in the lid of the culture jar and get the needle to press against the glass. Examine the next figure for a simple diagram of how things should look. Inject 1/4 cc of solution at a site under each hole in the lid. Adaptation-4 A total of 1 cc of solution for each jar. Adaptation-5 (5 of 29) 5/1/2002 6:54:17 PM] How To Grow Magic Mushrooms The ps from going in the four holes in the lid while the jar is being sterilized. If you poked your holes in the lid such that the sharp edges are pointing up, be careful not to rip or puncture the tin foil. If you need to, you can add a second or even a third piece of tin foil to make sure water will not drip into the holes in the lid. Step 8: Now the culture jars need to be sterilized. Place the jars in a large kitchen pot and add water so that water comes half way up the side of the jars. Bring the water to a slow boil and place the lid on the pot. From the time the water starts to boil, the jars need 1 hour to be (4 of 29) 5/1/2002 6:54:17 PM How To Grow Magic Mushrooms The Magic Mushroom Growers Guide (page 2) sterilized. Water should not be bubbling and splashing all over the place. The jars should not be floating around in the water. The substrate in the culture jars has the right amount of water in it already. You do not want water leaking into the jars and changing the ratio. The jars should not sit flat on the bottom of the pan. Too much heat can transfer directly to the jars and cause a loss of moisture. You can place a wash cloth inside the pan and set the jars directly on the wash cloth to help prevent too much heat from transferring to the jars. Step 9: Let the jars cool slowly. Leave them covered in the pan that was used to sterilize them. Let them cool completely. The jars need to be at or close to room temperature in order to inoculate. The spores will be killed if the jars are not cool enough when they are inoculated. It will take several hours to cool sufficiently. You may hear sounds as the jars cool. This is normal. Step 10: Now comes the good part. Inoculation of the culture jars. Assuming you have a viable, sterile spore syringe, you are now in a position to inoculate the cultures and start the first phase of the growing cycle. The needle of the spore syringe must be sterile. If your fingers or anything other than the lid or contents of the culture jars comes in contact with it, assume it is no longer sterile. If there is any doubt about its condition, use a cigarette lighter to heat the entire needle. Heat it until it glows red. Let it cool for a few minutes and squirt some of the solution out of the syringe. Shake the syringe. Make sure the spores are mixed well within the syringe. This can be accomplished more easily if you pull the plunger back on the syringe to get a little air into the syringe. Remove the tin foil from each culture jar as you prepare to inoculate it. Insert the needle of the syringe as far as it will go into a hole in the lid of the culture jar and get the needle to press against the glass. Examine the next figure for a simple diagram of how things should look. Inject 1/4 cc of solution at a site under each hole in the lid. Adaptation-4 A total of 1 cc of solution for each jar. Adaptation-5 (5 of 29) [5/1/2002 6:54:17 PM How To Grow Magic Mushrooms Diet The ps from going in the four holes in the lid while the jar is being sterilized. If you poked your holes in the lid such that the sharp edges are pointing up, be careful not to rip or puncture the tin foil. If you need to, you can add a second or even a third piece of tin foil to make sure water will not drip into the holes in the lid. Step 8: Now the culture jars need to be sterilized.
Place the jars in a large kitchen pot and add water so that water comes half way up the side of the jars. Bring the water to a slow boil and place the lid on the pot. From the time the water starts to boil, the jars need 1 hour to be (4 of 29) 5/1/2002 6:54:17 PM How To Grow Magic Mushrooms The Magic Mushroom Growers Guide (page 2) sterilized.
Water should not be bubbling and splashing all over the place. The jars should not be floating around in the water. The substrate in the culture jars has the right amount of water in it already. You do not want water leaking into the jars and changing the ratio. The jars should not sit flat on the bottom of the pan. Too much heat can transfer directly to the jars and cause a loss of moisture. You can place a wash cloth inside the pan and set the jars directly on the wash cloth to help prevent too much heat from transferring to the jars. Step 9: Let the jars cool slowly. Leave them covered in the ephedra dietary supplement pan that was used to sterilize them. Let them cool completely. The jars need to be at or close to room temperature in order to inoculate. The spores will be killed if the jars are not cool enough when they are inoculated. It will take several hours to cool sufficiently. You may hear sounds as the jars cool.
This is normal. Step 10: Now comes the good part. Inoculation of the culture jars. Assuming you have a viable, sterile spore syringe, you are now in a position to inoculate the cultures and start the first phase of the growing cycle. The needle of the spore syringe must be sterile.
If your fingers or anything other than the lid or contents of the culture jars comes in contact with it, assume it is no longer sterile. If there is any doubt about its condition, use a cigarette lighter to heat the entire needle. Heat it until it glows red. Let it cool for a few minutes and squirt some of the solution out of the syringe.
Shake the syringe. Make sure the spores are mixed well within the syringe. This can be accomplished more easily if you pull the plunger back on the syringe to get a little air into the syringe.
Remove the tin foil from each culture jar as you prepare to inoculate it.
Insert the needle of the syringe as far as it will go into a hole in the lid of the culture jar and get the needle to press against the glass. Examine the next figure for a simple diagram of how things should look. Inject 1/4 cc of solution at a site under each hole in the lid. Adaptation-4 A total of 1 cc of solution for each jar. Adaptation-5 (5 of 29) 5/1/2002 6:54:17 PM How To Grow Magic Mushrooms The
or dieting, is a combination of ephedra and St. Johns Wort.
The ECA Stack (ephedra, caffeine, aspirin) has been used by bodybuilders to burn fat, and increase energy.
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Safety
For FDA information on ephedra, please see the ephedra.com FDA page.
As ephedra is a stimulant and a thermogenic, it should NOT be used by people / in situations where these properties might be harmful. There are some common sense rules about using ephedra:
Do not use ephedra if you have any medical problems as the use of a stimulant might overtax your system. Do not use ephedra if your activity / environment will prevent you from dissipating heat. Your body core temperature might exceed safe levels.
supercaps And do not take more than the manufacturer's recommended amount.
What this means is: If you have a heart condition, do not take ephedra. And if you plan to wear clothes to raise your body temperature, do not take ephedra. And do not think that playing baseball on a hot muggy day will counteract these two common sense conditions and make it okay to take ephedra.
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Some other common names and terms that people use when searching for information on ephedra:
ephedra sinica, ma huang, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, buy ephedra, efedra, efedrine, mahuang, mahung, guarana, diets, weight loss, asthma, metabolife, energizers, alkaloids, amphetamines, BAT, metabolism, brown fat, brown adipose tissue, caffeine, calories, eca, eac, stack, ecstasy, energy, engergizing, energizer, extreme power plus, fat burners, fat burning, guarana, herbs, herbal, phen-fen, java trim, metabolic, metabolism, metabolite, metabomax, mormon tea, mowrey, natural trim, obesity, omnitrim, overweight, pep, redux, ripped, squaw tea, stacker, stimulants, thermogenesis, thermogenics, thermo-lift, xenadrine, ultimate xphoria, xtc, speed, bronchodilator
Due to liability concerns, we 1200 Calorie Diet can not provide any health information regarding ephedra. Also, we no longer have time to respond to individual emails. If you want to share your thoughts about ephedra and your right to being able to buy it, please visit the ephedra forum on yahoo.
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Ephedra is also sometimes called sea grape (from the French raisin de mer), although that is also a common name for Coccoloba uvifera. edit] Species The following list of species is from the Gymnosperm Database page for Ephedra. Ephedra alata Decne Ephedra altissima Desf. Ephedra antisyphilitica Berl. ex C.A.Meyer - Clapweed, Erect Ephedra Ephedra aspera Engelm. ex S.Wats. - Boundary Ephedra, Pitamoreal Ephedra californica S.Wats. - California Ephedra, California Jointfir Ephedra coryi E.
L.
Reed - Cory's Ephedra Ephedra cutleri Peebles - Navajo Ephedra, Cutler's Ephedra, Cutler Mormon-tea, Cutler's Jointfir Ephedra distachya L. - Joint-pine, Jointfir Ephedra distachya subsp. helvetica (C.A.Meyer) Aschers. & Graebn. Ephedra equisetina Bunge - Ma huang Ephedra fasciculata A.Nels. - Arizona Ephedra, Arizona Jointfir, Desert Mormon-tea Ephedra fedtschenkoae Pauls.
Ephedra fragilis
stacker
Desf. Ephedra fragilis subsp. campylopoda (C.A.Meyer) Aschers. & Graebn.Ephedra frustillata Miers - Patagonian Ephedra Ephedra funerea Coville & Morton - Death Valley Ephedra, Death Valley Jointfir Ephedra gerardiana Wallich ex C.
A.
Meyer - Gerard's Jointfir, Shan Ling Ma Huang Ephedra intermedia Schrenk ex C.A.Meyer Ephedra lepidosperma C.Y.Cheng Ephedra likiangensis Florin Ephedra macedonica Kos. Ephedra major Host Ephedra major subsp. procera Fischer & C.
A.
Meyer Ephedra minuta Florin Ephedra monosperma C.A.Meyer Ephedra viridis in western NevadaEphedra nevadensis S.Wats. - Nevada Ephedra, Nevada Jointfir, Nevada Mormon-tea Ephedra pedunculata Engelm. ex S.Wats. - Vine Ephedra, Vine Jointfir Ephedra przewalskii Stapf Ephedra przewalskii var. kaschgarica (B.Fedtsch. & Bobr.) C.Y.Cheng Ephedra regeliana Florin - Xi Zi Ma Huang Ephedra saxatilis (Stapf) Royle ex Florin Ephedra sinica Stapf - Ma Huang, Chinese ephedra Ephedra torreyana S.
Wats.
- Torrey's Ephedra, Torrey's Jointfir, Torrey's Mormon-tea, Cañutillo Ephedra trifurca Torrey ex S.Wats. - Longleaf Ephedra, Longleaf Jointfir, Longleaf Mormon-tea, Popotilla, Teposote Ephedra viridis Coville - Green Ephedra, Green Mormon-tea edit] Uses and health concerns Ephedra distachyaThese plants have traditionally been used by indigenous people for a variety of medicinal purposes, and are a likely candidate for the Soma plant of Indo-Iranian religion. The alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are the active constituents of the plant. Some species in the Ephedra genus have zero alEphedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in the family Ephedraceae and order Ephedrales. These plants occur in dry climates over a wide area mainly in the Northern Hemisphere, across southern Europe, north Africa, southwest and central Asia, southwestern North America, and, in the Southern Hemisphere, in South America south to Patagonia. They are also called Joint-pine, Jointfir, or Mormon-tea. The Chinese name is 麻黄, ma huang, which means "yellow hemp". Ephedra is also sometimes called sea grape (from the French raisin de mer), although that is also a common name for Coccoloba uvifera. edit] Species The following list of species is from the Gymnosperm Database page for Ephedra. Ephedra alata Decne Ephedra altissima Desf. Ephedra antisyphilitica Berl. ex C.A.Meyer - Clapweed, Erect Ephedra Ephedra aspera Engelm. ex S.Wats. - Boundary Ephedra, Pitamoreal Ephedra californica S.Wats. - California Ephedra, California Jointfir Ephedra coryi E.L.Reed - Cory's Ephedra Ephedra cutleri Peebles - Navajo Ephedra, Cutler's Ephedra, Cutler Mormon-tea, Cutler's Jointfir Ephedra distachya L. - Joint-pine, Jointfir Ephedra distachya subsp. helvetica (C.A.Meyer) Aschers. & Graebn. Ephedra equisetina Bunge - Ma huang Ephedra fasciculata A.Nels. - Arizona Ephedra, Arizona Jointfir, Desert Mormon-tea Ephedra fedtschenkoae Pauls. Ephedra fragilis Desf. Ephedra fragilis subsp. campylopoda (C.A.Meyer) Aschers.
& Graebn. Ephedra frustillata Miers - Patagonian Ephedra Ephedra funerea Coville & Morton - Death Valley Ephedra, Death Valley Jointfir Ephedra gerardiana Wallich ex C.A.Meyer - Gerard's Jointfir, Shan Ling Ma Huang Ephedra intermedia Schrenk ex C.A.Meyer Ephedra lepidosperma C.Y.Cheng Ephedra likiangensis Florin Ephedra macedonica Kos. Ephedra major Host Ephedra major subsp. procera Fischer & C.A.Meyer Ephedra minuta Florin Ephedra monosperma C.A.Meyer Ephedra viridis in western NevadaEphedra nevadensis S.Wats. - Nevada Ephedra, Nevada Jointfir, Nevada Mormon-tea Ephedra pedunculata Engelm.
ex S.Wats. - Vine Ephedra, Vine Jointfir Ephedra przewalskii Stapf Ephedra przewalskii var. kaschgarica (B.Fedtsch. & Bobr.) C.Y.Cheng Ephedra regeliana Florin - Xi Zi Ma Huang Ephedra saxatilis (Stapf) Royle ex Florin Ephedra sinica Stapf - Ma Huang, Chinese ephedra Ephedra torreyana S.Wats. - Torrey's Ephedra, Torrey's Jointfir, Torrey's Mormon-tea, Cañutillo Ephedra trifurca Torrey ex S.Wats. - Longleaf Ephedra, Longleaf Jointfir, Longleaf Mormon-tea, Popotilla, Teposote Ephedra viridis Coville - Green Ephedra, Green Mormon-tea edit] Uses and health concerns Ephedra distachyaThese plants have traditionally been used by indigenous people for a variety of medicinal purposes, and are a likely candidate for the Soma plant of Indo-Iranian religion. The alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are the active constituents of the plant. Some species in the Ephedra genus have zero alEphedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in the family Ephedraceae and order Ephedrales. These plants occur in dry climates over a wide area mainly in the Northern Hemisphere, across southern Europe, north Africa, southwest and central Asia, southwestern North America, and, in the Southern Hemisphere, in South America south to Patagonia.
They are also called Joint-pine, Jointfir, or Mormon-tea. The Chinese name is 麻黄, ma huang, which means "yellow hemp". Ephedra is also sometimes called sea grape (from the French raisin de mer), although that is also a common name for Coccoloba uvifera. [edit Species The following list of species is from the Gymnosperm Database page for Ephedra. Ephedra alata Decne Ephedra altissima Desf. Ephedra antisyphilitica Berl. ex C.A.Meyer - Clapweed, Erect Ephedra Ephedra aspera Engelm. ex S.
Wats.
- Boundary Ephedra, Pitamoreal Ephedra californica S.
Wats.
- California Ephedra, California Jointfir Ephedra coryi E.L.Reed - Cory's Ephedra Ephedra cutleri Peebles - Navajo Ephedra, Cutler's Ephedra, Cutler Mormon-tea, Cutler's Jointfir Ephedra distachya L. - Joint-pine, Jointfir Ephedra distachya subsp. helvetica (C.A.Meyer) Aschers. & Graebn.
Ephedra equisetina Bunge - Ma huang Ephedra fasciculata A.Nels. - Arizona Ephedra, Arizona Jointfir, Desert Mormon-tea Ephedra fedtschenkoae Pauls. Ephedra fragilis Desf. Ephedra fragilis subsp. campylopoda (C.A.Meyer) Aschers. & Graebn. Ephedra frustillata Miers - Patagonian Ephedra Ephedra funerea Coville & Morton - Death Valley Ephedra, Death Valley Jointfir Ephedra gerardiana Wallich ex C.A.Meyer - Gerard's Jointfir, Shan Ling Ma Huang Ephedra intermedia Schrenk ex C.A.Meyer Ephedra lepidosperma C.Y.Cheng Ephedra likiangensis Florin Ephedra macedonica Kos. Ephedra major Host Ephedra major subsp.
procera Ephedra 2005 Fischer & C.A.Meyer Ephedra minuta Florin Ephedra monosperma C.A.Meyer Ephedra viridis in western NevadaEphedra nevadensis S.Wats. - Nevada Ephedra, Nevada Jointfir, Nevada Mormon-tea Ephedra pedunculata Engelm.
ex S.
Wats.
- Vine Ephedra, Vine Jointfir Ephedra przewalskii Stapf Ephedra przewalskii var. kaschgarica (B.Fedtsch. & Bobr.) C.Y.Cheng Ephedra regeliana Florin - Xi Zi Ma Huang Ephedra saxatilis (Stapf) Royle ex Florin Ephedra sinica Stapf - Ma Huang, Chinese ephedra Ephedra torreyana S.Wats. - Torrey's Ephedra, Torrey's Jointfir, Torrey's Mormon-tea, Cañutillo Ephedra trifurca Torrey ex S.
Wats.
- Longleaf Ephedra, Longleaf Jointfir, Longleaf Mormon-tea, Popotilla, Teposote Ephedra viridis Coville - Green Ephedra, Green Mormon-tea edit Uses and health concerns Ephedra distachyaThese plants have traditionally been used by indigenous people for a variety of medicinal purposes, and are a likely candidate for the Soma plant of Indo-Iranian religion. The alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are the active constituents of the plant. Some species in the Ephedra genus have zero alEphedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in the family Ephedraceae and order Ephedrales. These plants occur in dry climates over a wide area mainly in the Northern Hemisphere, across southern Europe, north Africa, southwest and central Asia, southwestern North America, and, in the Southern Hemisphere, in South America south to Patagonia. They are also called Joint-pine, Jointfir, or Mormon-tea. The Chinese name is 麻黄, ma huang, which means "yellow hemp". Ephedra is also sometimes called sea grape (from the French raisin de mer), although that is also a common name for Coccoloba uvifera. edit Species The following list of ephedra lawsuit species is from the Gymnosperm Database page for Ephedra. Ephedra alata Decne Ephedra altissima Desf. Ephedra antisyphilitica Berl. ex C.A.Meyer - Clapweed, Erect Ephedra Ephedra aspera Engelm. ex S.Wats. - Boundary Ephedra, Pitamoreal Ephedra californica S.Wats. - California Ephedra, California Jointfir Ephedra coryi E.L.Reed - Cory's Ephedra Ephedra cutleri Peebles - Navajo Ephedra, Cutler's Ephedra, Cutler Mormon-tea, Cutler's Jointfir Ephedra distachya L. - Joint-pine, Jointfir Ephedra distachya subsp. helvetica (C.A.Meyer) Aschers. & Graebn. Ephedra equisetina Bunge - Ma huang Ephedra fasciculata A.Nels. - Arizona Ephedra, Arizona Jointfir, Desert Mormon-tea Ephedra fedtschenkoae Pauls. Ephedra fragilis Desf. Ephedra fragilis subsp. campylopoda (C.A.Meyer) Aschers. & Graebn. Ephedra frustillata Miers - Patagonian Ephedra Ephedra funerea Coville & Morton - Death Valley Ephedra, Death Valley Jointfir Ephedra gerardiana Wallich ex C.A.Meyer - Gerard's Jointfir, Shan Ling Ma Huang Ephedra intermedia Schrenk ex C.A.Meyer Ephedra lepidosperma C.Y.Cheng Ephedra likiangensis Florin Ephedra macedonica Kos. Ephedra major Host Ephedra major subsp. procera Fischer & C.
A.
Meyer Ephedra minuta Florin Ephedra monosperma C.A.Meyer Ephedra viridis in western NevadaEphedra nevadensis S.Wats. - Nevada Ephedra, Nevada Jointfir, Nevada Mormon-tea Ephedra pedunculata Engelm. ex S.Wats. - Vine Ephedra, Vine Jointfir Ephedra przewalskii Stapf Ephedra przewalskii var. kaschgarica (B.Fedtsch. & Bobr.) C.Y.Cheng Ephedra regeliana Florin - Xi Zi Ma Huang Ephedra saxatilis (Stapf) Royle ex Florin Ephedra sinica Stapf - Ma Huang, Chinese ephedra Ephedra torreyana S.Wats. - Torrey's Ephedra, Torrey's Jointfir, Torrey's Mormon-tea, Cañutillo Ephedra trifurca Torrey ex S.Wats. - Longleaf Ephedra, Longleaf Jointfir, Longleaf Mormon-tea, Popotilla, Teposote Ephedra viridis Coville - Green Ephedra, Green Mormon-tea edit Uses and health concerns Ephedra distachyaThese plants have traditionally been used by indigenous people for a variety of medicinal purposes, and are a likely candidate for the Soma plant of Indo-Iranian religion. The alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are the active constituents of the plant. Some species in the Ephedra genus have zero al
Over 5000 years ago ephedra (under the name Ma huang) has been used in Chinese medicine to treat several disorders. Amongst others asthma and bronchitis were to be treated properly with ephedra.
Ephedra comes from a plant that has a few powerful active compounds, of which ephedrine is the most useful. More information on the chemical connections en the extraction of the active substances is to be read in chemistry.
Over the last few years ephedra has gained much more attention for its side-effects: an increased metabolism, plus the thermeogenic and fat burning qualities that come along with that. This gives the body stimulation and provides energy. Thanks to these qualities ephedra now has a status of weight-loss supplement, smartdrug and sports supplement. A status that has recently become controversial because of the ban on ephedra products in the United States and the Netherlands. Read about the why, when and how in legal?.
The menu parts all contain articles, which were placed in the original English version. Besides we have some users experiences, a users guide, Frequently Asked Questions, links and a forum.
* News *
October 3 , 2005 - Ephedra-free diet pills not risk-free
In a scramble to develop new replacement weight-loss aids, drug manufacturers produced drugs containing extracts of bitter orange. This supplement has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for digestive problems.
Studies are finding these new ephedra-free diet pills carry some side effects that are similar to ephedra products.
This botanical contains a compound similar to ephedra, called synephrine. Both of these compounds stimulate the central nervous system and are thought to increase the metabolism. Also both raise blood pressure and heart rate, according to research on Advantra Z and Xenadrine EFX at the University of California, San Francisco.
Dr.
Christine Haller, lead author of the University of California, San Francisco study, points out that little research has been done to determine whether or not these new ephedra-free diet pills are safe or effective. She says the main concern about these new diet pills is the risk they pose to people with elevated blood pressure and conditions like diabetes: two medical conditions which are common in overweight and obese individuals.
“This does indicate that people should use caution when using these ephedra-free diet drugs]” Haller says.
In 1927, the U.S. medical community began to use ephedrine, which is the
active ingredient in ma haung, to open bronchial passages in patients with
asthma. As the supplies of
Ephedra vulgaris
began to dwindle, pharmaceutical
companies began to search for a synthetic alternative. Amphetamine was first
synthesized in 1887, but because there was very little interest in it, the substance
went unnoticed until it became the alternative to ephedrine (Feldman
et al., 1997). By the 1930s, all the major effects of amphetamine were known.
While researOver 5000 years ago ephedra (under the name Ma huang) has been used in Chinese medicine to treat several disorders. Amongst others asthma and bronchitis were to be treated properly with ephedra. Ephedra comes from a plant that has a few powerful active compounds, of which ephedrine is the most useful.
More information on the chemical connections en the extraction of the active substances is to be read in chemistry.
Over the last few years ephedra has gained much more attention for its side-effects: an increased metabolism, plus the thermeogenic and fat burning qualities that come along with that. This gives the body stimulation and provides energy. Thanks to these qualities ephedra now has a status of weight-loss supplement, smartdrug and sports supplement. A status that has recently become controversial because of the ban on ephedra products in the United States and the Netherlands. Read about the why, when and how in legal?.
The menu parts all contain articles, which were placed in the original English version. Besides we have some users experiences, a users guide, Frequently Asked Questions, links and a forum.
* News *
October 3 , 2005 - Ephedra-free diet pills not risk-free
In a scramble to develop new replacement weight-loss aids, drug manufacturers produced drugs containing extracts of bitter orange. This supplement has been used in Diet Protein Protein traditional Chinese medicine for digestive problems. Studies are finding these new ephedra-free diet pills carry some side effects that are similar to ephedra products.
This botanical contains a compound similar to ephedra, called synephrine. Both of these compounds stimulate the central nervous system and are thought to increase the metabolism. Also both raise blood pressure and heart rate, according to research on Advantra Z and Xenadrine EFX at the University of California, San Francisco.
Dr. Christine Haller, lead author of the University of California, San Francisco study, points out that little research has been done to determine whether or not these new ephedra-free diet pills are safe or effective. She says the main concern about these new diet pills is the risk they pose to people with elevated blood pressure and conditions like diabetes: two medical conditions which are common in overweight and obese individuals.
“This does indicate that people should use caution when using these ephedra-free diet drugs]” Haller says.
In 1927, the U.S. medical community began to use ephedrine, which is the
active ingredient in ma haung, to open bronchial passages in patients with
asthma.
As the supplies of
Ephedra vulgaris
began to dwindle, pharmaceutical
companies began to search for a synthetic alternative. Amphetamine was first
synthesized in 1887, but because there was very little interest in it, the substance
went unnoticed until it became the alternative to ephedrine (Feldman
et al., 1997). By the 1930s, all the major effects of amphetamine were known.
While researOver 5000 years ago ephedra (under the name Ma huang) has been used in Chinese medicine to treat several disorders. Amongst others asthma and bronchitis were to be treated properly with ephedra. Ephedra comes from a plant that has a few powerful active compounds, of which ephedrine is the most useful. More information on the chemical connections en the extraction of the active substances is to be read in chemistry.
Over the last few years ephedra has gained much more attention for its side-effects: an increased metabolism, plus the thermeogenic and fat burning qualities that come along with that. This gives the body stimulation and provides energy.
Thanks to these qualities ephedra now has a status of weight-loss supplement, smartdrug and sports supplement.
A status that has recently become controversial because of the ban on ephedra products in the United States and the Netherlands. Read about the why, when and how in legal?.
The menu parts all contain articles, which were placed in the original English version. Besides we have some users experiences, a users guide, Frequently Asked Questions, links and a forum.
* News *
October 3 , 2005 - Ephedra-free diet pills not risk-free
In a scramble to develop new replacement weight-loss aids, drug manufacturers produced drugs containing extracts of bitter orange. This supplement has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for digestive problems. Studies are finding these new ephedra-free diet pills carry some side effects that are similar to ephedra products.
This botanical contains a compound similar to ephedra, called synephrine.
Both of these compounds stimulate the central nervous system and are thought to increase the metabolism. Also both raise blood pressure and heart rate, according to research on Advantra Z and Xenadrine EFX at the University of California, San Francisco.
Dr. Christine Haller, lead author of the University of California, San Francisco study, points out that little research has been done to determine whether or not these new ephedra-free diet pills are safe or effective. She says the main concern about these new diet pills is the risk they pose to people with elevated blood pressure and conditions like diabetes: two medical conditions which are common in overweight and obese individuals.
“This does indicate that people should use caution [when using these ephedra-free diet drugs” Haller says.
In 1927, the U.S. medical community began to use ephedrine, which is the
active ingredient in ma haung, to open bronchial passages in patients with
asthma. As the supplies of
Ephedra vulgaris
began to dwindle, pharmaceutical
companies began to search for a synthetic alternative.
Amphetamine was first
synthesized in 1887, but because there was very little interest in it, the substance
went unnoticed until it became the alternative to ephedrine (Feldman
et al., 1997). By the 1930s, all the major effects of amphetamine were known.
While researOver 5000 years ago ephedra (under the name Ma huang) has been used in Chinese medicine to treat several disorders. Amongst others asthma and bronchitis were to be treated properly with ephedra. Ephedra comes from a plant that has a few powerful active compounds, of which ephedrine is the most useful. More information on the chemical connections en the extraction of the active substances is to be read in chemistry.
Over the last few years ephedra has gained much more attention for its side-effects: an increased metabolism, plus the thermeogenic and fat burning qualities that come along with that. This gives the body stimulation and provides energy. Thanks to these qualities ephedra now has a status of weight-loss supplement, smartdrug and sports supplement. A status that has recently become controversial because of the ban on ephedra products in the United States and the Netherlands. Read about the why, when and how in legal?.
The menu parts all contain articles, which were placed in the original English version. Besides we have some users experiences, a users guide, Frequently Asked Questions, links and a forum.
* News *
October 3 , 2005 - Ephedra-free diet pills not risk-free
In a scramble to develop new replacement weight-loss aids, drug manufacturers produced drugs containing extracts of bitter orange. This supplement has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for digestive problems.
Studies are finding these new ephedra-free diet pills carry some side effects that are similar to ephedra products.
This botanical contains a compound similar to ephedra, called synephrine. Both of these compounds stimulate the central nervous system and are thought to increase the metabolism. Also both raise blood pressure and heart rate, according to research on Advantra Z and Xenadrine EFX at the University of California, San Francisco.
Dr. Christine Haller, lead author of the University of California, San Francisco study, points out that little research has been done to determine whether or not these new ephedra-free diet pills are safe or effective. She says the main concern about these new diet pills is the risk they pose to people with elevated blood pressure and conditions like diabetes: two medical conditions which are common in overweight and obese individuals.
“This does indicate that people should use caution when using these ephedra-free diet drugs” Haller says.
In 1927, the U.S. medical community began to use ephedrine, which is the
active ingredient in ma haung, to open bronchial passages in patients with
asthma. As the supplies of
Ephedra vulgaris
began to dwindle, pharmaceutical
companies began to search for a synthetic alternative. Amphetamine was first
synthesized in 1887, but because there was very little interest in it, the substance
went unnoticed until it became the alternative to ephedrine (Feldman
et al., 1997).
By the 1930s, all the major effects of amphetamine were known.
While resear
ia
Hoodia is THE all natural appetite suppressant that helps you lose weight the natural and healthy way. In clinical trials, participants lost an average of 10 pounds in 28 days! Hoodia contains a molecule that fools your brain in to thinking that you are full and not hungry. Hoodia is all natural, contains no ephedra or caffeine and has no known side effects. Hoodia does not stimulate the body. In fact, scientists say it fools the brain by making you think you're full, even if you've just eaten a morsel. Hoodia is an organic diet pill that comes from the Hoodia Gordonii cactus. The the ancient San Bushmen ate the Hoodia cactus for hydration and sustenance on long journeys through the arid terrain.
Main active ingredients:
DEXL 10-Hoodia Gordonii stem 500 mg*
ms
Zantrex-3
Some news that makes some pretty bold statements about Zantrex-3
"...Zantrex-3 is the number one diet pill because it was the first and only non-ephedra formula with a kick... Increasing energy is just as important as producing rapid weight Mahuang loss for dieters, and that's why ephedra was so popular... Zantrex-3's patented weight loss/energy combination, sales are set to exceed 5,000,000 bottles worldwide... Zantrex-3 simply delivers more weight loss and provides more energy than any diet pill on the market -- even those containing ephedra."
Main active ingredients:
*Zantrek-3 Blend: yerba mate, caffeine, guarana seed, damiana, schizonepeta, green tea, piper nigum, tibetan ginseng, panax ginseng, maca root, cocoa nut, kola nut, thea sinesis complex.
ms
TrimSpa EF
TrimSpa EF (ephedra free) works to help you lose weight and increase your energy level without the use of ingredients that may counteract your medication or sensitive metabolism. Trimspa EF contains powerful ingredients which can jump-start the weight loss Ephedra Diet Pill process… helping you on your way to achieving the sexy-slim body of your dreams.
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Main active ingredients:
Chromium, Vanadium, Glucomannan, Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose, Citrus narginine, Glucosamine HCL, Cocoa Extract (phenyethylamine, tyramine and theobromine), Green Tea Extract (epigallocatechin gallate, polyphenols and caffeine), Hoodia gordonii cactus
as
Stacker 2 Ephedra Free
Main active ingredients:
Citrus aurantium (from fruit supplying 6 mg synephrine), cassia nomane extract, kola nut extract from seeds supplying 200 mg caffeine), white willow bark, chromium picolinate
ms
Xenadrine EFX
Main active ingredients:
Tyroplex™ (proprietary blend of l-tyrosine and acetyl-l-tyrosine), Green Tea Extract, Seropro™ (proprietary cocoa extract standardized for PEA (phenylethylamine), tyramine and theobromine), Yerba Mate, di-Methionine, Ginger Root, Isotherm™ (proprietary blend of quercetin and fisetin), Bitter Orange, DMAE (2-dimethylaminoethanol), Grape Seed Extract
ms
Metabolic Thyrolean
ching the effects, it was discovered that amphetamines could
awaken dogs that were under anesthesia. This discovery led to the use of
amphetamines, in pill form, to treat narcolepsy (Feldman et al., 1997).
Amphetamines were also rumored to have been used in Japan, Britain, Germany,
and the U.S. during World War II (Brecher 1972; Lovett, 1994; Feldman
et al., 1997). U.S. and Japanese army personnel are said to have used amphetamines
to stay awake and alert while assigned to especially long periods on
duty (Feldman et al., 1997).
Because of the use of amphetamines by Japanese
soldiers, Japan “suffered a serious methamphetamine problem during early
postwar years” (Suwaki, 1991).
Amphetamine use became so common that college students in the 1950s
and 1960s used amphetamines to stay awake all night to study for exams.
Long-haul truckers named their routes after how much amphetamine was
needed to make the trip. To get halfway across the U.S., truckers used “St.
Louie,” and for a transcontinental truck run, “West Coast turnabouts” were
used (Feldman et al., 1997).
In the 1960s, California users of amphetamine began using speedballs,
which are a combination of amphetamine and heroin taken intravenously.
Physicians of the Haight-Ashbury Free Clinic in San Francisco tried to warn
the public of the dangers of amphetamines Stacker 2 With Ephedra by coining the term “speed kills.”
Dr. D. Smith of the Haight-Ashbury Free Clinic said:
In the 1970s the Haight-Ashbury area, of San Francisco,
turned into one of the most violent areas of the city. It
was a direct result of the amphetamine epidemic. In
addition, we saw a great deal of amphetamine psychosis,
©
2003
by CRC Press LLC
from high doses of amphetamine producing paranoia,
auditory, and visual hallucinations. We started getting
a feel that the medical and the psychiatric system did
not know how to handle drug epidemics. For example,
I was also running the alcohol and drug abuse-screening
unit at San Francisco General Hospital where with the
diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia you treat with
long-term psychotropic medication.
With amphetamine
psychosis you detoxify them and use a short-term
course of psychotropic medication and get them into
recove
The technology of ancient wine making (open fermentation in crocks
or vats) would only produce a six-percent alcohol content. This would be
quickly reduced to acetic acid (vinegar). Ancient wine was produced
exactly the same as modern vinegar. So, a stable vinegar solution was
probably the basis of ancient wine. Vinegar is, however, not intoxicating.
One explanation is that vinegar was used as a vehicle for carrying other
drugs. Dried drug plants such as poppy (opium), datura, henbane, etc.
being extracted with the vinegar. (With the possible exception of opium
and ephedra, none of these other plants would really be pleasant in their
effects.) Vinegar would then preserve these drugs in solution. This would
allow bottling, transport and u
Ask The Herbalist: Is ephedra (Ma Huang) Safe And Effective? Some tips about losing weight with ephedra. Ephedra, What Is This Herb? -Weight Loss Aid Extended article on losing weight with ephedra, and effective combinations with other substances.
ure to cool,
then pour it into a sep funnel. Wash the ethyl acetate solution with 50
ml of water to recover the lithium iodide into the water solution.
Separate off the water layer, and evaporate the water to recover the
lithium iodide for reuse. The ethyl acetate solution should be dried
over some anhydrous sodium sulfate, then the ethyl acetate evaporated
off to give about 20 grams of 2,4,5-trimethoxyphenlyacetone. This
light-sensitive substance should be stored in the freezer.
90
12 Studies On The Production OfTMA-2
91
Method Two
Acetonitrile is a quite poisonous solvent, dangerous both in
inhalation from the fizzing electrochemical cell and by absorption
through the skin. It has been my experience that just spilling a little bit of
it on your skin is enough to give you head rushes and make you feel
uncomfortable. The use of acetonitrile can be avoided without loss of
yield by using the alternative procedure in Example 6 in the patent.
The electrochemical cell is constructed in exactly the same way as in
the first method. Then into the electrochemical cell put 400 ml of
dimethylformamide, 200 ml of water containing 27 grams NaBr, and 20
grams asarone. Check the level of the solution, and make sure that the
amount of electrode surfaces are the same as in the first method. Then
begin stirring, and pass the current through the solution exactly as in the
first method.
When the 24,000 coulombs have been passed, pour the contents of
the beaker into a sep funnel, dilute with 1000 ml of a 20% solution of
salt in water, and extract four times with 200 ml portions of ethyl
acetate. The combined extracts, amounting to 800 ml, should be
washed twice with 200 ml portions of a 20% solution of salt in water.
The ethyl acetate solution contains the product epoxide. It should be
evaporated under a vacuum to a volume of about 200 ml, then reacted
with lithium iodide just as in the first method to yield about 20 grams of
2,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetone.
Recycling of solvents is possible with this method too. Ethyl
acetate can be recovered during the vacuum evaporation by use of a
dry-ice trap. The dimethyl-formamide can be recovered by vacuum
distillation.
The Journal Method
A very effective alternative method exists for converting propenyl
benzenes to phenylacetones. I know through mail received from the
reading public that this method gives a yield of about 80% when used
Practical LSD Manufacture
92
with isosafrole. Similar results can be expected when used with
asarone.
In spite of the high yields and simplicity of this reaction, I can't
recommend its use. That's because this procedure uses thallium(III)
nitrate to oxidize the propenylbenzene to the corresponding
phenylacetone. The thallium(III) nitrate gets reduced to thallium(I)
nitrate. Both of these heavy-metal compounds are very poisonous and,
unlike organic chemicals, the heavy metals persist forever in the
environment, and accumulate in the body. You wa Ephedra is a genus of gymnosperm shrubs, the only genus in the family Ephedraceae and order Ephedrales. These plants occur in dry climates over a wide area mainly in the Northern Hemisphere, across southern Europe, north Africa, southwest and central Asia, southwestern North America, and, in the Southern Hemisphere, in South America south to Patagonia. They are also called Joint-pine, Jointfir, or Mormon-tea. The Chinese name is 麻黄, ma huang, which means "yellow hemp". Ephedra is also sometimes called sea grape (from the French raisin de mer), although that is also a common name for Coccoloba uvifera.
edit]
Species
The following list of species is from the Gymnosperm Database page for Ephedra.
Ephedra alata Decne
Ephedra altissima Desf.
Ephedra antisyphilitica Berl. ex C.A.Meyer - Clapweed, Erect Ephedra
Ephedra aspera Engelm. ex S.Wats. - Boundary Ephedra, Pitamoreal
Ephedra californica S.Wats. - California Ephedra, California Jointfir
Ephedra coryi E.L.Reed - Cory's Ephedra
Ephedra cutleri Peebles - Navajo Ephedra, Cutler's Ephedra, Cutler Mormon-tea, Cutler's Jointfir
Ephedra distachya L. - Joint-pine, Jointfir
Ephedra distachya subsp. helvetica (C.A.Meyer) Aschers. & Graebn.
Ephedra equisetina Bunge - Ma huang
Ephedra fasciculata A.Nels. - Arizona Ephedra, Arizona Jointfir, Desert Mormon-tea
Ephedra fedtschenkoae Pauls.
Ephedra fragilis Desf.
Ephedra fragilis subsp. campylopoda (C.A.Meyer) Aschers. & Graebn.
Ephedra frustillata Miers - Patagonian Ephedra
Ephedra funerea Coville & Morton - Death Valley Ephedra, Death Valley Jointfir
Ephedra gerardiana Wallich ex C.A.Meyer - Gerard's Jointfir, Shan Ling Ma Huang
Ephedra intermedia Schrenk ex C.A.Meyer
Ephedra lepidosperma C.Y.Cheng
Ephedra likiangensis Florin
Ephedra macedonica Kos.
Ephedra major Host
Ephedra major subsp. procera Fischer & C.A.Meyer
Ephedra minuta Florin
Ephedra monosperma C.A.Meyer
Ephedra viridis in western NevadaEphedra nevadensis S.Wats. - Nevada Ephedra, Nevada Jointfir, Nevada Mormon-tea
Ephedra pedunculata Engelm. ex S.Wats. - Vine Ephedra, Vine Jointfir
Ephedra przewalskii Stapf
Ephedra przewalskii var. kaschgarica (B.Fedtsch. & Bobr.) C.Y.Cheng
Ephedra regeliana Florin - Xi Zi Ma Huang
Ephedra saxatilis (Stapf) Royle ex Florin
Ephedra sinica Stapf - Ma Huang, Chinese ephedra
Ephedra torreyana S.Wats. - Torrey's Ephedra, Torrey's Jointfir, Torrey's Mormon-tea, Cañutillo
Ephedra trifurca Torrey ex S.Wats. - Longleaf Ephedra, Longleaf Jointfir, Longleaf Mormon-tea, Popotilla, Teposote
Ephedra viridis Coville - Green Ephedra, Green Mormon-tea
edit]
Uses and health concerns
Ephedra distachyaThese plants have traditionally been used by indigenous people for a variety of medicinal purposes, and are a likely candidate for the Soma plant of Indo-Iranian religion. The alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are the active constituents of the plant. Some species in the Ephedra genus have zero al ure to cool,
then pour it into a sep funnel. Wash the ethyl acetate solution with 50
ml of water to recover the lithium iodide into the water solution.
Separate off the water layer, and evaporate
ephedra sales the water to recover the
lithium iodide for reuse.
The ethyl acetate solution should be dried
over some anhydrous sodium sulfate, then the ethyl acetate evaporated
off to give about 20 grams of 2,4,5-trimethoxyphenlyacetone. This
light-sensitive substance should be stored in the freezer.
90
12 Studies On The Production OfTMA-2
91
Method Two
Acetonitrile is a quite poisonous solvent, dangerous both in
inhalation from the fizzing electrochemical cell and Loss Loss Weight Weight by absorption
through the skin. It has been my experience that just spilling a little bit of
it on your skin is enough to give you head rushes and make you feel
uncomfortable. The use of acetonitrile can be avoided without loss of
yield by using the alternative procedure in Example 6 in the patent.
The electrochemical cell is constructed in exactly the same way as in
the first method. Then into the electrochemical cell put 400 ml of
dimethylformamide, 200 ml of water containing 27 grams NaBr, and 20
grams asarone. Check the level of the solution, and make sure that the
amount of electrode surfaces are the same as in the first method. Then
begin stirring, and pass the current through the solution exactly as in the
first method.
When the 24,000 coulombs have been passed, pour the contents of
the beaker into a sep funnel, dilute with 1000 ml of a 20% solution of
salt in water, and extract four times with 200 ml portions of ethyl
acetate.
The combined extracts, amounting to 800 ml, should be
washed twice with 200 ml portions of a 20% solution of salt in water.
The ethyl acetate solution contains the product epoxide. It should be
evaporated under a vacuum to a volume of about 200 ml, then reacted
with lithium iodide just as in the first method to yield about 20 grams of
2,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetone.
Recycling of solvents is possible with this method too. Ethyl
acetate can be recovered during the vacuum evaporation by use of a
dry-ice trap. Stackers The dimethyl-formamide can be recovered by vacuum
distillation.
The Journal Method
A very effective alternative method exists for converting propenyl
benzenes to phenylacetones. I know through mail received from the
reading public that this method gives a yield of about 80% when used
Practical LSD Manufacture
92
with isosafrole. Similar results can be expected when used with
asarone.
In spite of the high yields and simplicity of this Loss Loss Weight Weight reaction, I can't
recommend its use. That's
ephedra sales
because this procedure uses thallium(III) nitrate to oxidize the propenylbenzene to the corresponding phenylacetone. The thallium(III) ephedra sales nitrate gets reduced to thallium(I) nitrate. Both of these heavy-metal compounds are very poisonous and, unlike organic chemicals, the heavy metals persist forever in the environment, and accumulate in the body. You wa nt a bunch of thallium around the house about like you want to be kicked in the teeth with a heavy pair of boots. A further bad aspect of this method is its high cost. 100 grams sell for $150, and the high molecular weight of the compound means that a lot of it has to be used to get a moderate amount of product. One pound of thallium(ni) nitrate is required for a 1-molar batch. This method can be found in Tetrahedron Letters No. 60, pages 5275-80 (1970). To produce a one mole batch, dissolve one mole of propenylbenzene in some methanol, and put it into a one-gallon glass jug. In a beaker, dissolve one mole (448 grams) of thallium(HI) nitrate trihydrate in methanol. Then pour the thallium solution into the jug with the propenylbenzene, and stir at room temperature for 5 minutes. The thallium(I) nitrate formed by the reaction comes out of solution. It is removed by filtration. The propenylbenzene has at this point been converted to a ketal. This is hydrolyzed to the phenylacetone by shaking the filtrate with about 2000 ml of 1 molar sulfuric acid solution in water for about 5 minutes. The phenylacetone is then extracted out with a couple of portions of tolulene. This extract is then washed with 5% NaOH solution, then distilled or purified by conversion to the bisulfite addition product. 12 Studies On The Production OfTMA-2 93 Production of TMA-2, MDA, etc. from the Corresponding Phenylacetone There are three good methods for converting the phenylacetone to the psychedelic amphetamine. Choice number one is to use reductive amination with a hydrogenation bomb with Raney nickel, ammonia and alcohol solvent. See Journal of the American Chemical Society, Volume 70, pages 12811-12 (1948). Also see Chem. Abstracts from 1954, column 2097. This gives a yield of about 80% if plenty of Raney nickel is used. The preferred conditions for use with MDA is a temperature of 80 C, and a hydrogen pressure of 50 atmospheres. The drawback to this method is the need for a shaker device for the bomb, and also a heater. The use of platinum as the catalyst in the bomb works great when making MDMA, but gives lousy results when making MDA. There may be a way around this, however, for serious experimenters. It has been found in experiments with phenylacetone that a mixture of ammonia and ammonium chloride produces good yields of amphetamine (50%) when used in a bomb with platinum catalyst. Methylenedioxyphenylacetone is quite likely to behave similarly, along with other phenylacetones. To use this variation, the following materials are placed in the 1.5 liter champagne bottle hydrogenation device described in Chapter 11 of Secrets of Methamphetamine Manufacture, Third Edition: .5 gram platinum in 20 ml distilled water. If this platinum is in the form of PtO2 instead of reduced platinum metal catalyst obtained with borohydride, the experimenter must now reduce the platinum by pressurizing the bottle with hydrogen and stirring fo ching the effects, it was discovered that amphetamines could awaken dogs that were under anesthesia. This discovery led to the use of amphetamines, in pill form, to treat narcolepsy (Feldman et al., 1997). Amphetamines were also rumored to have been used in Japan, Britain, Germany, and the U.S. during World War II (Brecher 1972; Lovett, 1994; Feldman et al., 1997). U.S. and Japanese army personnel are said to have used amphetamines to stay awake and alert while assigned to especially long periods on duty (Feldman et al., 1997). Because of the use of amphetamines by Japanese soldiers, Japan “suffered a serious methamphetamine problem during early postwar years” (Suwaki, 1991). Amphetamine use became so common that college students in the 1950s and 1960s used amphetamines to stay awake all night to study for exams. Long-haul truckers named their routes after how much amphetamine was needed to make the trip. To get halfway across the U.S., truckers used “St. Louie,” and for a transcontinental truck run, “West Coast turnabouts” were used (Feldman et al., 1997). In the 1960s, California users of amphetamine began using speedballs, which are a combination of amphetamine and heroin taken intravenously. Physicians of the Haight-Ashbury Free Clinic in San Francisco tried to warn the public of the dangers of amphetamines by coining the term “speed kills.” Dr. D. Smith of the Haight-Ashbury Free Clinic said: In the 1970s the Haight-Ashbury area, of San Francisco, turned into one of the most violent areas of the city. It was a direct result of the amphetamine epidemic. In addition, we saw a great deal of amphetamine psychosis, © 2003 by CRC Press LLC from high doses of amphetamine producing paranoia, auditory, and visual hallucinations. We started getting a feel that the medical and the psychiatric system did not know how to handle drug epidemics. For example, I was also running the alcohol and drug abuse-screening unit at San Francisco General Hospital where with the diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia you treat with long-term psychotropic medication. With amphetamine psychosis you detoxify them and use a short-term course of psychotropic medication and get them into recove The technology of ancient wine making (open fermentation in crocks or vats) would only produce a six-percent alcohol content. This would be quickly reduced to acetic acid (vinegar). Ancient wine was produced exactly the same as modern vinegar. So, a stable vinegar solution was probably the basis of ancient wine. Vinegar is, however, not intoxicating. One explanation is that vinegar was used as a vehicle for carrying other drugs. Dried drug plants such as poppy (opium), datura, henbane, etc. being extracted with the vinegar. (With the possible exception of opium and ephedra, none of these other plants would really be pleasant in their effects.) Vinegar would then preserve these drugs in solution. This would allow bottling, transport and u cake is not colonized as quickly as the outside. Also, there is sufficient moisture in the cake at the start so there is no need to add water immediately. Advantage: The rice cake will produce many more mushrooms than it would have without adding moisture. Using this adaptation allows the nutrients in the rice cake to be almost totally consumed before the cake is exhausted. Disadvantages: Care should be taken when drilling the hole because there is no way to monitor for contamination inside the hole. Also, you will need to add water on a daily basis. Back to Growing Cycle. table of contents. Adaptation-18: Continued Drying of Mushrooms During Storage You can place a small glass with a small amount of desiccant in the long term storage bag to continue to extract moisture from the mushrooms. A shot glass with 3/4 of an ounce of desiccant is sufficient to keep the humidity very low in the long term storage bag. A larger glass that is more stable might be a better choice in order to avoid an accident of spilling the desiccant inside the bag. (28 of 39) 5/1/2002 6:54:26 PM] How To Grow Magic Mushrooms The Magic Mushroom Growers Guide (page 4) Advantage: The mushrooms will continue to dry and their preservation is enhanced. Disadvantages: You will need to be careful not to knock the glass over and spill desiccant in the storage bag. This is only suitable if you can leave the bag in a stationary location. Back to Drying and Preservation of Mushrooms. table of contents. Adaptation-19: Reducing Output Of Ultra Sonic Humidifier The output of the ultra sonic humidifier can be reduced by changing the circuitry. Almost all ultra sonic humidifiers use a 5 K-ohm or 10 K-ohm potentiometer to control the output. By adding a 5 K-ohm or 10 K-ohm resister in series with the potentiometer, the original 'low' setting becomes the new 'high' setting. The humidity output can be turned down even lower than originally possible. Simply cut the wire going to the potentiometer and solder a similar sized resister (available at Radio Shack) in series. You may need to set the humidity control above the minimum setting once you make this modification. Note that this adaptation is mutually exclusive with Adaptation-21. If you try to combine them, it won't work. Advantage: This drastically reduces the suspended water particles emitted by the humidifier. However, the big advantage is that the humidifier uses significantly less water. It is possible to fill up the humidifier and leave on a trip for 10 days without having to add water. (29 of 39) 5/1/2002 6:54:26 PM] How To Grow Magic Mushrooms The Magic Mushroom Growers Guide (page 4) Disadvantages: Complexity is the major disadvantage. The above instructions are deliberately technical. If reading them doesn't give you enough information, don't attempt to do this. Find someone to help you. It is very easy and straight forward for someone that is handy with a soldering iron
ephedra
ephedra @ 9/4/2010 7:43:53 PM